 Training
 Cryogenic
engineering is sometimes perceived as inaccessible. With
twenty years experience in the cryogenic industry we can provide
a general introduction to the technologies or targeted practical
and theoretical teaching in very specific areas. The
material can be prepared specifically for the audience or
take any of the standard modules which are described below.
| PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS |
| The properties and the costs of the cryogens
helium and nitrogen are compared. Understanding
the differences and the economics provides insights into
the different design principles used in the cryostat design
or closed loop cryogenic systems. |
| OPERATION OF HELIUM LIQUEFIERS
AT 4 K |
| The concepts of the liquefaction cycle
are presented to explain how high pressure helium at ambient
pressure is converted into liquid helium at 4 K.
Understanding that approximately 1 kW of electrical power
is required to produce 1 W of cooling at 4 K illustrates
the sensitivity to external effects which can disrupt
the process. |
| CRYOSTAT DESIGN DOWN TO 2.2
K |
| The cryostat used to contain the superconducting
magnet or cryogenic experiment gives up very few secrets
from an external examination. Even the engineering
drawings appear like a “Russian doll” construction
of concentric layers. This module will help explain
the design of a cryostat in qualitative terms or specific
design figures. The cryogen boil-off can be quantified
from the heat loads due to conduction and radiation and
the techniques used by cryogenic designers to reduce these
heat loads are presented. |
| CRYOGEN PIPELINES FOR LIQUID
HELIUM AND LIQUID NITROGEN |
| Despite the low temperatures of liquid
helium and liquid nitrogen, it is possible to convey these
cryogens in vacuum insulated pipelines over hundreds of
metres and even kilometres with acceptable losses. The
principles of construction are described so that the heat
loads are acceptable and the methods of sizing the pipelines
and valves are explained. |
| CRYOGENIC HEAT TRANSFER |
| The analytical methods to design cryogenic
heat exchangers using nitrogen or helium are presented.
The initial objection to using liquid nitrogen to
cool fluids is the problem of freezing which will block
the heat exchanger. The solutions to this problem,
and others, in the design of heat exchangers. |
| LIQUID NITROGEN COOLED POLLUTION
ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGIES |
| Pollution control by cryogenic condensation
relies on condensing and even freezing the pollutants
from a gas stream. The cooling is provided by liquid
nitrogen undergoing the reverse process of boiling and
warming to ambient temperature. The complex changes
can be explained in qualitative terms or numerical methods
which are used to design heat exchangers. The requirements
of equipment to meet the current pollution legislation
is also explained in practical terms. |
| PROCESS COOLING |
| The techniques to provide process cooling
by liquid nitrogen vary from direct liquid nitrogen injection
to indirect cooling using heat exchangers. The special
requirements of liquid nitrogen heat exchangers and the
process control for efficient use of nitrogen are explained. |
CLIENT LIST
Companies that have used
Monroe Brothers Ltd for training include:
| |
Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Washington State, USA
(Operation of 900 MHz NMR superconducting magnet at 2.2
K) |
 |
Diamond Light
Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, UK
(Superconducting RF cavities operating in a closed loop
liquid helium cooling system) |
|
Daresbury
Laboratory, Cheshire, UK
(Superconducting wiggler magnets operating in a closed
loop liquid helium cooling system) |
|
GlaxoSmithKline, Tonbridge, UK
(on behalf of Air Products PLC)
(Operatrion of a liquid nitrogen cooled reaction cooling
system) |
|
Air Products
PLC, Basingstoke, UK
(Liquid nitrogen cooled pollution abatement systems) |
|
Sapio Srl,
Monza, Italy
(Liquid nitrogen cooled pollution abatement systems) |
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